4 * Copyright 2004, 2008 Develer S.r.l. (http://www.develer.com/)
8 * \brief Compute, save and load ramps for stepper motors (implementation)
11 * \author Simone Zinanni <s.zinanni@develer.com>
12 * \author Bernie Innocenti <bernie@codewiz.org>
13 * \author Giovanni Bajo <rasky@develer.com>
14 * \author Daniele Basile <asterix@develer.com>
17 * The formula used by the ramp is the following:
21 * f(t) = -------------
25 * Where <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are the maximum and minimum speed
26 * respectively (minimum and maximum wavelength respectively), and <code>lerp</code>
27 * is a linear interpolation with a factor:
30 * lerp(a,b,t) = a + t * (b - a) = (a * (1 - t)) + (b * t)
33 * <code>t</code> must be in the [0,1] interval. It is easy to see that the
34 * following holds true:
40 * And that the function is monotonic. So, the function effectively interpolates
41 * between the maximum and minimum speed through its domain ([0,1] -> [b,a]).
43 * The curve drawn by this function is similar to 1 / (sqrt(n)), so it is slower
44 * than a linear acceleration (which would be 1/n).
46 * The floating point version uses a slightly modified function which accepts
47 * the parameter in the domain [0, MT] (where MT is maxTime, the length of the
48 * ramp, which is a setup parameter for the ramp). This is done to reduce the
49 * number of operations per step. The formula looks like this:
53 * g(t) = ----------------------------
54 * (a * MT) + t * (b - a)
57 * It can be shown that this <code>g(t) = f(t * MT)</code>. The denominator
58 * is a linear interpolation in the range [b*MT, a*MT], as t moves in the
59 * interval [0, MT]. So the interpolation interval of the function is again
60 * [b, a]. The implementation caches the value of the numerator and parts
61 * of the denominator, so that the formula becomes:
69 * g(t) = ----------------------
73 * and <code>t</code> is exactly the parameter that ramp_evaluate() gets,
74 * that is the current time (in range [0, MT]). The operations performed
75 * for each step are just an addition, a multiplication and a division.
77 * The fixed point version of the formula instead transforms the original
78 * function as follows:
82 * f(t) = ------------------------- = --------------------
84 * b * ( - * (1 - t) + t ) - * (1 - t) + t
88 * <code>t</code> must be computed by dividing the current time (24 bit integer)
89 * by the maximum time (24 bit integer). This is done by precomputing the
90 * reciprocal of the maximum time as a 0.32 fixed point number, and multiplying
91 * it to the current time. Multiplication is performed 8-bits a time by
92 * FIX_MULT32(), so that we end up with a 0.16 fixed point number for
93 * <code>t</code> (and <code>1-t</code> is just its twos-complement negation).
94 * <code>a/b</code> is in the range [0,1] (because a is always less than b,
95 * being the minimum wavelength), so it is precomputed as a 0.16 fixed point.
96 * The final step is then computing the denominator and executing the division
97 * (32 cycles using the 1-step division instruction in the DSP).
99 * The assembly implementation is needed for efficiency, but a C version of it
100 * can be easily written, in case it is needed in the future.
105 #include <cfg/debug.h>
107 #include <string.h> // memcpy()
109 void ramp_compute(struct Ramp *ramp, uint32_t clocksRamp, uint16_t clocksMinWL, uint16_t clocksMaxWL)
111 ASSERT(clocksMaxWL >= clocksMinWL);
113 // Save values in ramp struct
114 ramp->clocksRamp = clocksRamp;
115 ramp->clocksMinWL = clocksMinWL;
116 ramp->clocksMaxWL = clocksMaxWL;
118 #if RAMP_USE_FLOATING_POINT
119 ramp->precalc.gamma = ramp->clocksMaxWL - ramp->clocksMinWL;
120 ramp->precalc.beta = (float)ramp->clocksMinWL * (float)ramp->clocksRamp;
121 ramp->precalc.alpha = ramp->precalc.beta * (float)ramp->clocksMaxWL;
124 ramp->precalc.max_div_min = ((uint32_t)clocksMinWL << 16) / (uint32_t)clocksMaxWL;
126 /* Calcola 1/total_time in fixed point .32. Assumiamo che la rampa possa al
127 * massimo avere 25 bit (cioƩ valore in tick fino a 2^25, che con il
128 * prescaler=3 sono circa 7 secondi). Inoltre, togliamo qualche bit di precisione
129 * da destra (secondo quanto specificato in RAMP_CLOCK_SHIFT_PRECISION).
131 ASSERT(ramp->clocksRamp < (1UL << (24 + RAMP_CLOCK_SHIFT_PRECISION)));
132 ramp->precalc.inv_total_time = 0xFFFFFFFFUL / (ramp->clocksRamp >> RAMP_CLOCK_SHIFT_PRECISION);
133 ASSERT(ramp->precalc.inv_total_time < 0x1000000UL);
139 void ramp_setup(struct Ramp* ramp, uint32_t length, uint32_t minFreq, uint32_t maxFreq)
141 uint32_t minWL, maxWL;
143 minWL = TIME2CLOCKS(FREQ2MICROS(maxFreq));
144 maxWL = TIME2CLOCKS(FREQ2MICROS(minFreq));
146 ASSERT2(minWL < 65536UL, "Maximum frequency too high");
147 ASSERT2(maxWL < 65536UL, "Minimum frequency too high");
148 ASSERT(maxFreq > minFreq);
153 TIME2CLOCKS(FREQ2MICROS(maxFreq)),
154 TIME2CLOCKS(FREQ2MICROS(minFreq))
158 void ramp_default(struct Ramp *ramp)
160 ramp_setup(ramp, RAMP_DEF_TIME, RAMP_DEF_MINFREQ, RAMP_DEF_MAXFREQ);
163 #if RAMP_USE_FLOATING_POINT
165 float ramp_evaluate(const struct Ramp* ramp, float curClock)
167 return ramp->precalc.alpha / (curClock * ramp->precalc.gamma + ramp->precalc.beta);
172 INLINE uint32_t fix_mult32(uint32_t m1, uint32_t m2)
175 accum += m1 * ((m2 >> 0) & 0xFF);
177 accum += m1 * ((m2 >> 8) & 0xFF);
179 accum += m1 * ((m2 >> 16) & 0xFF);
184 INLINE uint16_t fix_mult16(uint16_t a, uint32_t b)
186 return (b*(uint32_t)a) >> 16;
189 uint16_t FAST_FUNC ramp_evaluate(const struct Ramp* ramp, uint32_t curClock)
191 uint16_t t = FIX_MULT32(curClock >> RAMP_CLOCK_SHIFT_PRECISION, ramp->precalc.inv_total_time);
192 uint16_t denom = fix_mult16((uint16_t)~t + 1, ramp->precalc.max_div_min) + t;
193 uint16_t cur_delta = ((uint32_t)ramp->clocksMinWL << 16) / denom;